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F1管理学术语英汉对照
Management and Organizations 1、Manager：管理者 Someone who works with and through otherpeople by coordinating their work activities in order to accomplishorganizational goals . 管理者是这样的人，他通过协调其他人的活动达到与别人一起或者通过别人实现组织目标的目的。
2、First-line managers ：基层管理者 Managers at the lowest level of theorganization who manage the work of nonmanagerial employees who are involvedWith the production or the organization‘s products 是管理着非管理人员所从事的生产和提供组织产品的工作，是最低层的管理者
3、Middle managers ：中层管理者 Mangers between the first-line level andthe top level of the organization who manage the work of first-line managers 处于基层和高层之间，管理着基层管理者。
4、Top manager ：高层管理者 Managers at or near the top level of the organizationwho are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishingthe goals and plans that affect the entire organization. 处于或接近组织顶层，承担着制定广泛的组织决策，为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。
5、Management ：管理 The coordinating work activities so thatthey are completed efficiently and effectively with and through other people 管理是一个通过协调工作活动以便能够有效率和有效果地同别人一起或通过别人实现组织目标。
6、Efficiency ：效率 Getting the most output from the leastamount of inputs referred to as “doing right things” 是指以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产品，“通常指正确的做事”，即不浪费资源。
7、Effectiveness ：效果 Completing activities so thatorganizational goals are attained referred to as “doing the rightthings” 通常指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有利于组织达到目标。
8、Planning ：计划 Management function that involves theprocess of defining goals ，establishing strategies for achieving those goals， anddeveloping plans to integrate and coordinate activities 包括定义目标，制定战略以获取目标，以及制定计划和协调活动的职能。
9、Organizing ：组织 Management function that involves theprocess of determining what tasks are to be done， who is to do them.How the tasks are to be grouped， who reports to them， and where decisions are to made. 指决定应该从事那些任务，应该有谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级做处决策的职能。
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千斤顶
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